Answer: Convection is the process involved in deep water currents.

Deepwater currents are dependent on temperature and salinity.

Surface currents in the ocean are driven by global wind systems that are fueled by energy from the sun. Surface wind-driven currents generate upwelling currents in conjunction with landforms, creating deepwater currents.

Deep current: Occurs deep in the ocean and is influence by water density, salinity, and temperature. An example of a deep current is the Antarctic Bottom Water.

Oceanic currents are driven by three main factors:

• The rise and fall of the tides. Tides create a current in the oceans, which are strongest near the shore, and in bays and estuaries along the coast.
• Wind. Winds drive currents that are at or near the ocean’s surface.
• Thermohaline circulation.

Surface currents are controlled by three factors: global winds, the Coriolis effect, and continental deflections. surface create surface currents in the ocean. Different winds cause currents to flow in different directions. objects from a straight path due to the Earth’s rotation.

Tides contribute to coastal currents that travel short distances. Major surface ocean currents in the open ocean, however, are set in motion by the wind, which drags on the surface of the water as it blows. The water starts flowing in the same direction as the wind. But currents do not simply track the wind.

Deep ocean currents are density-driven and differ from surface currents in scale, speed, and energy. Water density is affected by the temperature, salinity (saltiness), and depth of the water. The colder and saltier the ocean water, the denser it is.

Currents also flow deep below the surface of the ocean. Deep currents are caused by differences in density at the top and bottom. More dense water takes up less space than less dense water. It has the same mass but less volume.

There are five major gyres: the North Atlantic, the South Atlantic, the North Pacific, the South Pacific and the Indian Ocean Gyre, see figure 1. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is situated in the Southern Ocean and constantly circles around Antarctica because there are no land masses to interrupt the currents.

A gyre is a large system of rotating ocean currents. Wind, tides, and differences in temperature and salinity drive ocean currents. The ocean churns up different types of currents, such as eddies, whirlpools, or deep ocean currents.

Deep ocean currents In cold regions, such as the North Atlantic Ocean, ocean water loses heat to the atmosphere and becomes cold and dense. Dense-cold-salty water sinks to the ocean bottom. Surface water flows in to replace the sinking water, which in turn becomes cold and salty enough to sink.

Answer: Cold currents flow toward the equator on the eastern side of ocean basins. Examples of cold ocean currents include the Canary Current in the North Atlantic, the California Current in the North Pacific, and the Benguela Current in the South Atlantic. Cold currents can also flow out of far northern regions.

Therefore, the deep ocean (below about 200 meters depth) is cold, with an average temperature of only 4°C (39°F). Cold water is also more dense, and as a result heavier, than warm water. Colder water sinks below the warm water at the surface, which contributes to the coldness of the deep ocean.

Deep currents, also known as thermohaline circulation, result from differences in water density. These currents occur when cold, dense water at the poles sinks. Surface water flows to replace sinking water, causing a conveyor belt-like effect of water circulating around the globe on a 1000-year journey.

There are two type of Ocean Currents:

• Surface Currents–Surface Circulation.
• Deep Water Currents–Thermohaline Circulation.
• Primary Forces–start the water moving.
• The primary forces are:
• Secondary Forces–influence where the currents flow.
• Solar heating cause water to expand.

Horizontal movements are called currents, which range in magnitude from a few centimetres per second to as much as 4 metres (about 13 feet) per second. A characteristic surface speed is about 5 to 50 cm (about 2 to 20 inches) per second.

Causes of Ocean Currents

• Solar heating. it causes water to expand.
• Wind. The Wind is responsible for ocean currents as it blows the water on the surface, causing the currents.
• Gravity. Gravity tends to pull items towards the surface of the earth.
• The salinity of the water.
• Temperature.
• Coriolis effect.
• Underwater earthquakes.

There are four factors affecting the origin and flow of Ocean Currents i.e. Rotation and gravitational force of the Earth; Oceanic factors (temperature, salinity, density, pressure gradient and melting of ice); atmospheric factors (atmospheric pressure, winds, rainfall, evaporation and insolation); factors that …

Effects of Ocean Currents Ocean currents regulate the Earth’s climate and make up for the difference in solar energy radiation hitting the surface of the planet. As such, water current distributes heat. The ocean absorbs most of the sun’s radiation on Earth, in contrast to the atmosphere and to land.

Answer: The Gulf Stream determines climate change. Thermohaline circulation occurs due to the difference in the temperatures, densities, and salinities of the waters, and determines climate changes.

Air currents are caused by the sun’s uneven heating of the Earth. As the Earth’s surface is heated, it warms the air just above it. The warmed air expands and becomes lighter than the surrounding air. It rises, creating a warm air current.

Surface currents are created by three things: global wind patterns….Global Wind Patterns

• trade winds: east to west between the equator and 30oN and 30oS.
• westerlies: west to east in the middle latitudes.
• polar easterlies: east to west between 50o and 60o north and south of the equator and the north and south pole.

Basically, air cools as it rises, which can cause water vapor in the air to condense into liquid water droplets, sometimes forming clouds and precipitation. Well, high pressure is associated with sinking air, and low pressure is associated with rising air.

A low pressure system has lower pressure at its center than the areas around it. Winds blow towards the low pressure, and the air rises in the atmosphere where they meet. A high pressure system has higher pressure at its center than the areas around it. Winds blow away from high pressure.

High pressure systems are generally associated with fair weather, while low pressure systems bring clouds, precipitation and sometimes stormy conditions.