Alpha particles

An alpha particle is made up of two protons and two neutrons bound together. Beta particles are high energy electrons. Gamma rays are waves of electromagnetic energy, or photons.

Alpha particles (a) are composite particles consisting of two protons and two neutrons tightly bound together (Figure 1).

Electron

electrons

Basic Atomic Structure. The idea that everything is made of atoms was pioneered by John Dalton (1766-1844) in a book he published in 1808. He is sometimes called the “father” of atomic theory, but judging from this photo on the right “grandfather” might be a better term.

The year 1873, by many accounts, was a seminal point in the history of the development of the concept of the “molecule”. In this year, the renowned Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell published his famous thirteen page article ‘Molecules’ in the September issue of Nature.

Science as a whole

“Physics is the king of all sciences as it helps us understand the way nature works. It is at the centre of science,“ he said. As he spoke about the transformation of particle physics over the last 50 years, he said his love of the subject has only grown with each passing year.

The most important question in chemistry is “Where are the electrons?” electronegative atoms (e.g. F, Cl, O, N) of a molecule. The electronegative atoms pull electron density away from the less electronegative atoms (e.g. C, H) to which they are bonded.

Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray

Oxygen compounds

• Water (H2O) is the most familiar oxygen compound.
• Oxides, such as iron oxide or rust, Fe.
• Quartz is a common crystalline mineral made of silica, or silicon dioxide (SiO.
• Acetone is an important feeder material in the chemical industry.