The Homoptera are close relatives of the Hemiptera and also have piercing-sucking mouthparts. In contrast to the Hemiptera, homopteran mouthparts arise further back on the underside of the head. Also unlike the Hemiptera, these insects hold their wings roof-like over their backs.

: any of an order (Hymenoptera) of highly specialized insects with complete metamorphosis that include the bees, wasps, ants, ichneumon flies, sawflies, gall wasps, and related forms, often associate in large colonies with complex social organization, and have usually four membranous wings and the abdomen generally …

The order Hymenoptera includes wasps, bees, and ants among others. A large percent of honey bee communication is accomplished using a class of chemicals called pheromones. A pheromone is a type of hormone that when released elicits a specific response from other members of the same species.

Common characteristics of the order include:

• Two pairs of membranous (thin, often see-through) wings.
• Chewing mouthparts.
• Compound eyes that are usually large (although many are blind eg ants and fig wasps).
• The females generally have an ovipositor which may be modified for sawing, piercing or stinging.

Hymenoptera are Holometabolous, their life cycle consists of four phases: egg, multiple instars, pupa, and adult. “Complete metamorphosis” is the common term for this life cycle. Insect orders with this life cycle are grouped under the term Endopterygota because immatures never have visible wing buds.

Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants.

Hymenoptera is one of the largest orders of insects and includes many species of bees, wasps, hornets, sawflies, and ants. The word Hymenoptera is derived from the ancient Greek words for hymen, meaning membrane, and pteron, translated to wing.

Hemipterans are a group of insects that are both plant and blood feeders. Homopterans are plant feeders. Hemipterans are plant and blood feeders. Homopterans lack toughened areas on the first pair of wings.

The Homoptera include the aphids, scale insects, cicadas, and leafhoppers, which all have sucking mouthparts.

The name Hymenoptera means ‘membrane wings’. This order is large and diverse and includes groups of insects, which may appear to be unrelated due to their differing appearances. However all hymenopterans share the following characteristics:

Economic Importance: Although some species are regarded as pests (e.g., sawflies, gall wasps, and some ants), most members of the Hymenoptera are extremely beneficial — either as natural enemies of insect pests (parasitic wasps) or as pollinators of flowering plants (bees and wasps).

Few case reports of hymenoptera envenomation are in the obstetric literature, and predictably focus on clinically significant events such as anaphylaxis. It is unknown if pregnancy makes systemic reactions to hymenoptera venom more or less likely.

In the Hymenoptera, females develop from fertilized eggs and males develop from unfertilized eggs. Since females control whether or not an egg is fertilized, they can regulate the sex ratio of their offspring. 2. The fairyflies (family Mymaridae) are probably the world’s smallest insects. They parasitize the eggs of other insects.