Stroma (from Greek στρῶμα ‘layer, bed, bed covering’) is the part of a tissue or organ with a structural or connective role. It is made up of all the parts without specific functions of the organ – for example, connective tissue, blood vessels, ducts, etc. Examples of stroma include: stroma of iris.

Thylakoid and stroma are two unique structures present in the chloroplast. Thus, primarily the key difference between thylakoid and stroma is that the thylakloid is a membrane-bound compartment situated in the chloroplast whereas the stroma is the cytoplasm of the Chloroplast.

Photosynthetic pigments (e.g., chlorophyll) are embedded into the thylakoid membrane, making it the site of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis. The light-dependent reactions in the membrane pump protons into the lumen, lowering its pH to 4. In contrast, the pH of the stroma is 8.

The chloroplast is involved in both stages of photosynthesis. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid. There, water (H2O) is oxidized, and oxygen (O2) is released. The electrons that freed from the water are transferred to ATP and NADPH.

Stroma, in botany, refers to the colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast. Within the stroma are grana (stacks of thylakoid), and the sub-organelles or daughter cells, where photosynthesis is commenced before the chemical changes are completed in the stroma.

There’s no cure for PCOS, but the symptoms can be treated. Speak to a GP if you think you may have the condition. If you have PCOS and you’re overweight, losing weight and eating a healthy, balanced diet can make some symptoms better.

If left untreated, PCOS can become a serious problem. All of the symptoms you experience can lead to other health risks like cancers, acne scars, and heart disease if you don’t see a doctor and receive treatment. Other health problems may include sleep apnea and problems getting pregnant.

The 4 types of PCOS include:

• Insulin resistant PCOS. This is the most common type of PCOS, affecting around 70% of people.
• Post-pill PCOS. Post-pill PCOS occurs in some people after they stop taking the oral contraceptive pill.
• Adrenal PCOS.
• Inflammatory PCOS.

PCO is diagnosed if the follicles behave abnormally. This can be characterised by a greater number of follicles developing at the same time and their positioning. Polycystic ovaries are also larger and have a slightly different appearance. PCO does not cause pain in the pelvic area.

Fact: Polycystic ovaries do not cause pain. You may have other reasons for your pelvic pain. Pain in the ovary could be from ovulation or from a cyst, which should usually clear up in time. Large cysts can cause a lot of pain, however this is not related to PCO.

Women with PCOS are more likely to develop certain serious health problems. These include type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, problems with the heart and blood vessels, and uterine cancer. Women with PCOS often have problems with their ability to get pregnant (fertility).

Myth #2: If You Lose Weight, You Can Get Rid of PCOS Unfortunately, there is no cure for PCOS, but overweight and obese women can help balance their hormone levels by losing weight. Otherwise, treatment is aimed at managing symptoms. A wide range of treatment options can help prevent any potential problems.

How to Lose Weight With PCOS: 13 Helpful Tips

1. Reduce Your Carb Intake. Lowering your carb consumption may help manage PCOS due to carbs’ impact on insulin levels.
2. Get Plenty of Fiber.
3. Eat Enough Protein.
4. Eat Healthy Fats.
5. Eat Fermented Foods.
6. Practice Mindful Eating.
7. Limit Processed Foods and Added Sugars.
8. Reduce Inflammation.

As the most common hormonal problem for women of childbearing years, PCOS sets up a hormonal chaos that encourages belly fat weight gain. Fat storage in PCOS primarily affects the abdomen, especially the lower abdomen. Factors that contribute to belly fat include: Fluctuations in hormones.

Most women find out they have PCOS in their 20s and 30s, when they have problems getting pregnant and see their doctor. But PCOS can happen at any age after puberty. Women of all races and ethnicities are at risk of PCOS.

PCOS is a problem with hormones that affects women during their childbearing years (ages 15 to 44).

To diagnose PCOS, a patient must have two of the following three signs, as per the Rotterdam criteria:

1. oligo- or an-ovulation (failure to ovulate regularly)
2. excess androgen (‘male hormone’) activity – measured via lab testing (of testosterone, DHEA, and androstenedione) or speculated by symptoms like acne and hair loss.

There’s no single test for it, but a physical exam, ultrasound, and blood tests can help diagnose PCOS. You need to meet 2 of these 3 “official” criteria to be diagnosed: Irregular, heavy, or missed periods due to missed ovulation—the release of an egg from your ovaries. This also keeps you from becoming pregnant.

But PCOS can produce ovarian cysts—which themselves can cause pain in the pelvic area. When ovarian cysts cause pelvic pain, it can feel like a dull ache or a sharp jolt in your lower belly. You may always feel the pain, or it may come and go.

Nutritional Value of Banana for PCOS A diet high in potassium can lower blood pressure in people with elevated levels and benefits heart health. Vitamin B6. Bananas are high in vitamin B6. One medium-sized banana can provide up to 33% of this vitamin’s Daily Value (DV).

Common symptoms of PCOS include:

• irregular periods or no periods at all.
• difficulty getting pregnant (because of irregular ovulation or failure to ovulate)
• excessive hair growth (hirsutism) – usually on the face, chest, back or buttocks.
• weight gain.
• thinning hair and hair loss from the head.
• oily skin or acne.