Sori occur on the sporophyte generation, the sporangia within producing haploid meiospores. As the sporangia mature, the indusium shrivels so that spore release is unimpeded. The sporangia then burst and release the spores.

sporangium

Spores are most conspicuous in the non-seed-bearing plants, including liverworts, hornworts, mosses, and ferns. In these lower plants, as in fungi, the spores function much like seeds. In general, the parent plant sheds the spores locally; the spore-generating organs are frequently located on the undersides of leaves.

The calyptra usually falls off when the capsule is mature. Within the capsule, spore-producing cells undergo meiosis to form haploid spores, upon which the cycle can start again. The mouth of the capsule is usually ringed by a set of teeth called peristome. This may be absent in some mosses.

Spores produced on underside of fronds in clusters of sporangia called sori. Spores undergo meiosis, are spread by wind, & germinate on moist soil to form prothallus. Prothallus begins the Gametophyte stage.

A process called sterilization destroys spores and bacteria. It is done at high temperature and under high pressure. In health care settings, sterilization of instruments is usually done using a device called an autoclave.

Bacterial spores are extremely durable and can be very difficult to destroy even under extreme temperatures. Bacterial spores can survive drought, extreme temperatures, and low pH. Once favorable conditions return, the protective proteins dissolve the spore coating and the vegetative cell functions resume.

‘A spore is typically a single cell surrounded by a thick cell wall for protection. ‘ This implies that a spore is a living thing; and not just a means to a living thing.

Mold spores can cause health issues by triggering allergies or asthma attacks. When mold spores land on a damp spot indoors, they may begin growing and digesting whatever they are growing on to survive. Molds can reproduce in any moist place. They can grow on wood, paper, carpet, foods and other surfaces.

An example of a spore is a flower seed. A small, usually single-celled reproductive body that is resistant to adverse environmental conditions and is capable of growing into a new organism, produced especially by certain fungi, algae, protozoans, and nonseedbearing plants such as mosses and ferns.

The main difference between spores and seeds as dispersal units is that spores are unicellular, the first cell of a gametophyte, while seeds contain within them a developing embryo (the multicellular sporophyte of the next generation), produced by the fusion of the male gamete of the pollen tube with the female gamete …

The seed coat offers protection and nourishment that aren’t available for spores. And seed coats contain a fully developed embryo ready to grow, while spores need to undergo a reproduction process before they’re ready to grow.

Spores and seeds are alike in that plants produce them both to disperse their progeny, allowing new organisms to grow in different locations than their parental organisms. They are different in that spores are very small, single-celled structures, while seeds are relatively large and protected with a seed coat.

In terms of cellular complexity, seeds are superior because they’re multicellular, while spores are unicellular. A seed also has more facilities for plant survival than a spore. Seeds are located either in the fruit or flower of flowering plants, while spores are located underneath the leaves of non-flowering plants.

Name three advantages of seeds over spores in terms of their ability to disperse. Compared to spores, seeds can store more resources, slow down their metabolism, and exhibit dormancy, all of which aid their dispersal.

Seeds provide a protective coat so that the embryo plant can develop when it finds a nice piece of soil. Seeds are a protective structure that lets a plant embryo survive for long periods of time before it germinates.

The three steps in the evolution of seed are : soil, water and sunlight.

The three primary parts of a seed are the embryo, endosperm, and seed coat. The embryo is the young multicellular organism before it emerges from the seed. The endosperm is a source of stored food, consisting primarily of starches. The seed coat consists of one or more protective layers that encase the seed.

Unlike bryophyte and fern spores (which are haploid cells dependent on moisture for rapid development of gametophytes), seeds contain a diploid embryo that will germinate into a sporophyte.

The multicellular diploid plant structure is called the sporophyte, which produces spores through meiotic (asexual) division. The multicellular haploid plant structure is called the gametophyte, which is formed from the spore and give rise to the haploid gametes.

Gymnosperms are vascular plants that produce seeds in cones. Examples include conifers such as pine and spruce trees. The gymnosperm life cycle has a dominant sporophyte generation. Both gametophytes and the next generation’s new sporophytes develop on the sporophyte parent plant.

Gymnosperms are vascular plants of the subkingdom Embyophyta and include conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes. Some of the most recognizable examples of these woody shrubs and trees include pines, spruces, firs, and ginkgoes.

The life cycle of a gymnosperm involves alternation of generations, with a dominant sporophyte in which reduced male and female gametophytes reside. All gymnosperms are heterosporous. The male and female reproductive organs can form in cones or strobili.

In mosses, the dominant stage is the haploid generation (the gametophyte). This means that the green, leafy gametophytic tissue is haploid (has only one set of chromosomes). The gametophyte refers to all organs and tissues that are a part of the haploid generation.

sporophytes

What occurs in the life cycle of a moss but not in the life cycle of a gymnosperm? In moss, sperm and egg cells are produced after haploid spores are released from the sporophyte. In moss, sperm and egg cells grow in cones that are attached to the sporophyte plant.

function in plant reproduction number of spores produced per sporangium ranges from 16 or 32 in some pteridophytes to more than 65 million in some mosses. The sporangia may be borne in specialized structures, such as sori in ferns or as cones (strobili) in many other pteridophytes.