Gettier presented two cases in which a true belief is inferred from a justified false belief. He observed that, intuitively, such beliefs cannot be knowledge; it is merely lucky that they are true. In honour of his contribution to the literature, cases like these have come to be known as “Gettier cases”.

One, that someone in your office is waxing a Ford. And two, that the person waxing the Ford owns the Ford. It is this second premise that is false. This case is considered a “Gettier Example” because of the already mentioned penchant for modern philosophers to confuse the conceptual contexts of prepositions.

1 : attention to externals especially : excessive preoccupation with externals.

The distinction arises in many areas of debate with similar but distinct meanings. Internalism is the thesis that no fact about the world can provide reasons for action independently of desires and beliefs. Externalism is the thesis that reasons are to be identified with objective features of the world.

The term doxastic derives from the ancient Greek δόξα, doxa, which means “belief”. Typically, a doxastic logic uses to mean “It is believed that is the case”, and the set. denotes a set of beliefs. In doxastic logic, belief is treated as a modal operator.

1. ( Ecclesiastical Terms) exaggerated emphasis on outward form, esp in religious worship. 2. ( Philosophy) a philosophical doctrine holding that only objects that can be perceived by the senses are real; phenomenalism.

Active externalism, contrary to Putnam and Burge’s content (or passive) externalism, concerns the aspects of the environment that determine the content and the flow of cognition, not by acting as the background which cognition takes place against or is merely embedded in, but instead by driving and restraining the on- …

Externalism is a group of positions in the philosophy of mind which argues that the conscious mind is not only the result of what is going on inside the nervous system (or the brain), but also what occurs or exists outside the subject. …

Content externalism is most commonly associated with two vivid thought experiments, presented in the 1970s; the first by Hilary Putnam (1975), and the second by Tyler Burge (1979).

In philosophy, intentionality is the power of minds and mental states to be about, to represent, or to stand for, things, properties and states of affairs. A complete thought, a full sentence or a picture can stand for or describe a state of affairs.

Feeling pain or dizziness, appearances of color or shape, and episodic thought are some widely accepted examples. Intentionality, on the other hand, has to do with the directedness, aboutness, or reference of mental states—the fact that, for example, you think of or about something.

Intentionality multiplies the power of each relationship that is important to us. Whether they are work relationships, client relationships or personal relationships, what we appreciate grows if we give out attention to it. Intentionality helps us understand the purpose and importance of every relationship we have.

Lonergan speaks of four levels of conscious intentionality: empirical, intellectual, rational, and responsible [M 9].

Lonergan names these four innate norming processes “transcendental precepts.” Briefly expressed, they are: Be attentive, Be Intelligent, Be reasonable, and Be responsible.

A conscious act is one in which there is a change in consciousness from the poise of status to the poise of extension which results in the release of conscious force that has gathered around and is directed at bringing forth a significant form of that which was created in status and now seeks expression in becoming.

In Logical Investigations Husserl developed a view according to which conscious acts are primarily intentional, and a mental act is intentional only in case it has an act-quality and an act-matter.

A given intentional state is conscious (is an intentional experience) iff the subject being in that state believes him- or herself to be in that state, where this meta-belief is based upon (is caused or motivated by) that lower-order intentional state.

Intentional living means understanding your fundamental beliefs and values and then actively living your life in line with those values. Living intentionally requires slowing down, digging deep, and being mindful of your actions. The first step is to accept that life is made up of choices.

Intentionality, in phenomenology, the characteristic of consciousness whereby it is conscious of something—i.e., its directedness toward an object. …

Intentional states represent objects and states of affairs in exactly the same sense that speech acts represent objects and states of affairs. Not all intentional states have entire propositions as representative contents, some just contain representations of objects.

‘Inten tionality’ derives from the Latin verb ‘intendere’, which means “to point to” or “to aim at”, and Brentano accordingly characterized the intentionality of mental states and experiences as their feature of each being “directed toward something”.

A mental state is occurrent if it is active or causally efficacious within the owner’s mind. Non-occurrent states are called standing or dispositional states. They exist somewhere in the back of one’s mind but currently play no active role in any mental processes.

Mental causation: The mind and the body causally interact – thoughts, feelings, and perceptions, bring about bodily actions. Spatial location: Wherever there is causation, the cause and its effect must have spatial location.

1.1 The Present Study In this paper, we report a novel study testing a constructionist model of the mind where we measured activity within large-scale distributed brain networks using fMRI as participants generated three kinds of mental states (emotions, body feelings, or thoughts).

The Id. The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth. This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes instinctive and primitive behaviors.

The definition of unconscious is lacking awareness or done without realizing, or it is knocked-out, sleeping or comatose. When you make a gesture automatically without thinking about it, this is an example of an unconscious gesture.