The law of conservation of charge states that electric charge can neither be created nor destroyed. In a closed system, the amount of charge remains the same. When something changes its charge it doesn’t create charge but transfers it.

In a turbine generator, a moving fluid—water, steam, combustion gases, or air—pushes a series of blades mounted on a rotor shaft. The force of the fluid on the blades spins/rotates the rotor shaft of a generator. The generator, in turn, converts the mechanical (kinetic) energy of the rotor to electrical energy.

mechanical energy

A generator in a circuit can change mechanical motion into electrical energy. The transformation in this case might be that chemical energy from the fuel at a power plant is transformed into heat energy which is transformed into mechanical energy to turn a generator. This is the source of energy in electric outlets.

In motor action, the electric power is taken as the input from the main supply. The mechanical energy obtained from the output is not fully utilised. The fraction of the energy is dissipated in frictional losses (friction and windage).

The electric motor receives the energy at the input terminal and delivers it at the mechanical output terminals. The mechanical energy is given at the input terminal whereas the electrical energy produces at the output terminals in the case of generator. Energy – balance equation : Motor.

The energy balance equation is the relationship between the energy consumed – measured in calories and the energy expended – also measured in calories. Too little energy in or too much energy out leads to weight loss. Energy in = energy out → healthy weight. Energy in and energy out do not have to balance every day.

The significance of Back EMF Back emf is very significant in the working of a dc motor. The presence of back emf makes the d.c. motor a self-regulating machine i.e., it makes the motor to draw as much armature current as is just sufficient to develop the torque required by the load.

The complete energy equation looks like this:

1. Energy balance = energy input – energy output.
2. Weight gain = energy input > energy output.
3. Weight loss = energy input < energy output.

The Sankey diagram is very useful tool to represent an entire input and output energy flow in energy system after carrying out energy balance calculation. The thicker the line, the greater the amount of energy involved.

A severe negative energy balance can lead to a decline in metabolism, decreases in bone mass, reductions in thyroid hormones, reductions in testosterone levels, an inability to concentrate, and a reduction in physical performance. Yet a negative energy balance does lead to weight loss.

This expression represents the steady-flow energy equation in terms of energy per unit of mass of fluid [units of L2t−2]. The term p/ρw is the pressure energy per unit mass. The term gz is the potential energy per unit mass. The equation is now expressed in terms of energy per unit weight [units of L].

Laminar flow, type of fluid (gas or liquid) flow in which the fluid travels smoothly or in regular paths, in contrast to turbulent flow, in which the fluid undergoes irregular fluctuations and mixing.

A steady flow is the one in which the quantity of liquid flowing per second through any section, is constant. This is the definition for the ideal case. True steady flow is present only in Laminar flow. In turbulent flow, there are continual fluctuations in velocity. Pressure also fluctuate at every point.

steady: A steady flow is one in which the conditions (velocity, pressure and cross- section) may differ from point to point but DO NOT change with time. unsteady: If at any point in the fluid, the conditions change with time, the flow is described as unsteady.

The steady state approximation assumes that the concentration of reaction intermediates remains constant throughout the reaction. The concentration of reaction intermediates is assumed to be steady because the intermediates are being produced as fast as they are consumed.

Uniform means the same everywhere over some region of interest. Unsteady means varying with time. If you slowly open the tap in the shower, the water flow rate in the pipes will slowly increase over time, but at every point along the pipe, the flow will be the same. So the flow would be uniform but unsteady.

Laminar flow or streamline flow in pipes (or tubes) occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between the layers. Turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic property changes. This includes rapid variation of pressure and flow velocity in space and time.

The Reynolds number is the ratio between inertia and viscous forces and features the flow speed at the numerator, so in this specific case turbulent flow is faster than laminar.

Laminar flow is the opposite of turbulent flow. It is the smooth flow of a fluid over a surface. Though a boundary layer of air “sticks” to a wing, the air overtop should be moving quickly and smoothly to reduce friction drag.

Laminar is a flow phenomenon where the fluid flows in layers without any disruption between and among the layers. The main advantage of assuming laminar flow across a conduit is that, it provides an easy job to analyze the fluid flow using CFD softwares.

A turbulent flow can be either an advantage or disadvantage. A turbulent flow increases the amount of air resistance and noise; however, a turbulent flow also accelerates heat conduction and thermal mixing. Therefore, understanding, handling, and controlling turbulent flows can be crucial for successful product design.

Laminar flow generally occurs when the fluid is moving slowly or the fluid is very viscous. If the Reynolds number is very small, much less than 1, then the fluid will exhibit Stokes, or creeping, flow, where the viscous forces of the fluid dominate the inertial forces.

Principle/ Working of Laminar flow hood The principle of laminar flow cabinet is based on the laminar flow of air through the cabinet. The device works by the use of inwards flow of air through one or more HEPA filters to create a particulate-free environment.

: arranged in, consisting of, or resembling laminae.

To generate laminar flow we’re going to create a nozzle that makes the water flow in smooth layers. Slow water is more likely to be laminar, so first we need to slow the water down. Second We also need to remove turbulence from the water coming into the nozzle. And third we have to direct the water into a laminar flow.

In a laminar flow hood the air is passed through a HEPA (High Efficiency Particulates Air) filter which removes all airborne contamination to maintain sterile conditions. After that the prefiltered air has to pass the HEPA filter where contaminating fungi, bacteria, dust etc are removed.