Stems can be either unbranched or highly branched; they may be herbaceous or woody. Stems connect the roots to the leaves, helping to transport water, minerals, and sugars to different parts of the plant.

Each root is made of dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. Roots grow in length and width from primary and secondary meristem. Stems hold plants upright, bear leaves and other structures, and transport fluids between roots and leaves. Like roots, stems contain dermal, ground, and vascular tissues.

Cytokinins were originally defined as chemicals that induce cell proliferation and trigger callus differentiation to shoot when applied with auxins, but now it is known that cytokinins play a key role in many aspects of plant growth and development [3], including embryogenesis, maintenance of root and shoot meristems.

Auxin Receptors It encodes a 20-kDa, largely hydrophilic protein with a 38-amino-acid-long amino-terminal hydrophobic sequence that probably acts as signal peptide.

Answer: Auxin promotes cell growth and elongation of the plant. In the elongation process, auxin alters the plant wall plasticity making it easier for the plant to grow upwards. Auxin also influences rooting formations.

Auxins in geotropism Auxins accumulate on the lower side of the shoot, due to gravity. Cells on the lower side grow more quickly. The shoot bends upwards. This is called negative geotropism.

Auxins help in bending the shoot upwards and downwards due to gravity which shows negative geotropism and positive geotropism.

Gravitropism (also known as geotropism) is a coordinated process of differential growth by a plant in response to gravity pulling on it. It also occurs in fungi. That is, roots grow in the direction of gravitational pull (i.e., downward) and stems grow in the opposite direction (i.e., upwards).