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At projected rates the “Northern Hemisphere and mid-latitude ozone will heal completely by the 2030’s”, UNEP said, with the Southern Hemisphere repaired by the 2050’s, and Polar Regions in the following decade.
Global reduction in ozone levels would lead to a huge increase in dangerous ultraviolet (UV) radiation, with summer noontime UV index values at mid-latitudes rising to 30—three times the level currently considered extreme.
What are substances that damage the atmosphere? The release into the air of chemicals and particles can cause direct damage to the troposphere (air pollution); alter the composition and function of atmospheric layers (greenhouse effect) or other indirect damages (ozone layer depletion).
The troposphere is the only atmospheric layer that can support life. The higher layers have filtered out the harmful radiation, and there are large amounts of water vapor.
The atmosphere is comprised of layers based on temperature. These layers are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere. A further region at about 500 km above the Earth’s surface is called the exosphere.
In closed system only energy transfer can takes place and no mass transfer takes place. Explanation : Only energy transfer can takes place in closed system. When both the energy as well as the mass transfer take place in system then it is called open system.
The piston-cylinder arrangement in an internal combustion engine is only a closed system during the compression stroke and during the power stroke. During the other strokes one of the valves is open to either allow the air/fuel mixture to flow into the cylinder or the combustion products to flow out of the cylinder.