Like the particles of a solid, particles in a liquid are subject to intermolecular attraction; however, liquid particles have more space between them, so they are not fixed in position. Liquids will flow and fill the lowest portion of a container, taking on the shape of the container but not changing in volume.

Water can occur in three states: solid (ice), liquid, or gas (vapor).

Water is the only substance on Earth that naturally occurs in three physical states: solid, liquid, and gas (see Figure 4).

Water can be found on Earth in a solid form in cold areas as ice. Water can be found in a liquid form in places such as ponds, oceans, rivers, and more. When water is located in a solid-state, it would be in cold temperatures.

Water is usually a liquid, but when it reaches to 32° Fahrenheit (F), it freezes into ice. (Ice is the solid state of water.)

The gas particles have big distances between them. Solid – In a solid, the attractive forces keep the particles together tightly enough so that the particles do not move past each other. Their vibration is related to their kinetic energy….Liquids Solids and Gases:

Solids have a definite shape and volume. Liquids have a definite volume, but take the shape of the container. Gases have no definite shape or volume.

A solid has definite volume and shape, a liquid has a definite volume but no definite shape, and a gas has neither a definite volume nor shape.

General Characteristics of Solid State

• Definite mass, volume, and shape.
• Short Intermolecular distance.
• Strong Intermolecular Forces.
• The constituent particles remain fixed at their positions and can only oscillate about their mean positions.
• Solids are incompressible and rigid.
• High Density.

There are 4 major types of solid: molecular, covalent network, ionic, and metallic.

Properties of Liquids

• Capillary Action.
• Cohesive and Adhesive Forces.
• Contact Angles.
• Surface Tension.
• Unusual Properties of Water.
• Vapor Pressure.
• Viscosity Viscosity is another type of bulk property defined as a liquid’s resistance to flow.
• Wetting Agents.

Ruthenium

11.8: Bonding in Solids

Covalent-network (also called atomic) solids—Made up of atoms connected by covalent bonds; the intermolecular forces are covalent bonds as well. Characterized as being very hard with very high melting points and being poor conductors. Examples of this type of solid are diamond and graphite, and the fullerenes.

Zn is a d-block element, so it is a metallic solid.

Zinc has an electron configuration of [Ar] 3d10 4s2. This small amount of electrons means it is more likely to lose the 2 electrons rather than taking on any in a reaction. Losing all the electrons on the fourth shell would mean Zn lost two negative charges, making it the ion Zn+2.

molecular solids

Definite shape, definite volume, definite melting point, high density, incompressibility, and low rate of diffusion.

metallic solids

An ionic crystal consists of ions bound together by electrostatic attraction. The arrangement of ions in a regular, geometric structure is called a crystal lattice. Examples of such crystals are the alkali halides, which include: potassium fluoride (KF)

Potassium fluoride

The Crystalline Form of Ionic Compounds potassium fluoride (KF)

The metal cation is named first, followed by the nonmetal anion. Subscripts in the formula do not affect the name. The table below shows three examples….Naming Binary Ionic Compounds.